RESUMEN
Objective@#To understand the differences in the application of three distant vision examination methods in children, so as to provide a reference for developing a unified distant vision examination for this population.@*Methods@#The study involved 98 children aged 4 to 16 years who visited the ophthalmology department of a children s hospital in Anhui Province between August 15 and 25, 2022. Vision was measured using the distant vision test method specified in the 2014 National Student Physical Fitness and Health Survey (V1), the 2019 National Student Physical Fitness and Health Survey (V2), and Specification for Screening of Refractive Error in Primary and Secondary School Students (WS/T 663-2020) (V3). The paired samples McNemar s test and Wilcoxon test were performed to compare the detection rate of poor vision and the difference between the visual acuity test results of the three methods.@*Results@#The results of the 98 children examined according to V1, V2, and V3 showed that the M (P25, P 75 ) of the right eye were 4.8（4.6，5.0），4.8（4.7，5.0），and 4.8（4.7，5.0）while the left eye visual acuity M ( P 25 , P 75 ) were 4.8 （4.6，5.0），4.9（ 4.7 ，5.0），and 4.9（4.7，5.0），respectively. The rates of poor visual acuity detection for the right eye were 63.3%, 58.2% and 58.2 % for V1, V2, and V3, respectively, while for the left eye, they were 58.2%, 54.1% and 53.1%, respectively. McNemar test results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the rates of poor visual acuity detection between the right and left eyes for V1 vs. V2, V1 vs. V3, and V2 vs. V3 (left eyes： χ 2=2.25，2.29，0.00，right eyes： χ 2=3.20，3.20，0.00， P >0.05).Wilcoxon test results indicated that there were statistically significant differences between the right and left eye visual acuity groups for V1 vs. V2 and V1 vs. V3 (left eyes： Z =-4.15，-4.60, right eyes： Z = -4.70，-4.99, P <0.01).@*Conclusion@#Irrespective of whether the starting visual standard starts at row 4.0 or 5.0, different standards of visual standard passage have an impact on the visual acuity results. It is recommended that existing methods of screening for distance vision are standardized.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Endometritis is the most common disease of dairy cows and traditionally treated with antibiotics. Lactic acid bacteria can inhibit the growth of pathogens and also have potential for treatment of endometritis. Using PacBio single-molecule real-time sequencing technology, we sequenced the fulllength l6S rRNA of the microbiota in uterine mucus samples from 31 cows with endometritis, treated with lactic acid bacteria (experimental [E] group) and antibiotics (control [C] group) separately. Microbiota profiles taken before and after treatment were compared. RESULTS: After both treatments, bacterial species richness was significantly higher than before, but there was no significant difference in bacterial diversity. Abundance of some bacteria increased after both lactic acid bacteria and antibiotic treatment: Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus raffinolactis, Pseudomonas alcaligenes and Pseudomonas veronii. The bacterial species that significantly decreased in abundance varied depending on whether the cows had been treated with lactic acid bacteria or antibiotics. Abundance of Staphylococcus equorum and Treponema brennaborense increased after lactic acid bacteria treatment but decreased after antibiotic treatment. According to COG-based functional metagenomic predictions, 384 functional proteins were significantly differently expressed after treatment. E and C group protein expression pathways were significantly higher than before treatment (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we found that lactic acid bacteria could cure endometritis and restore a normal physiological state, while avoiding the disadvantages of antibiotic treatment, such as the reductions in abundance of beneficial microbiota. This suggests that lactic acid bacteria treatment has potential as an alternative to antibiotics in the treatment of endometritis in cattle.